P er the Greeks eternal youth, their own quality of being immortal, was the prerogative only by the gods. This beauty is expressed through the harmony of the proportions of the body. "Be immortal, eternally beautiful!" Thanks so took leave from Venus, after she found on the greek islands of the sea, pointing in the cult of beauty, the preferred way to protect the men in their natural barbarity and humanity to grace.
Even Sappho, Greek poetess unhappy in love with Phaon, attributed to their physical appearance very harmonious refusal of the man she loved.
Plastic surgery has, as we have seen (Egypt. ..) ancient origins. For the first reconstruction of noses, ears and lips, however, must get to the Hindu texts dating from about 400 BC was the fashion then cut off the nose of the enemy, and even the legal system inflicted amputation of the nose, ears and genitals. No wonder then that an author Hindu
Sushruta, describes the first in his encyclopedia
Samhita, ear reconstruction with skin taken from the cheek and the reconstruction of the nose that is still with the "Indian method
" or "
Hindu "with an engraving on three sides will take a square flap of skin from the adjacent cheek and turned over, until engraftment, the area to rebuild. Also the doctors should be the Hindu skin graft taken from the buttocks is a technique that predate by more than two millennia the first official skin graft described by Jacques-Louis Reverdin
, Swiss surgeon, in 1869.
ancient times resorted almost exclusively to plastic surgery to fix injuries and mutilation of war.
In the 4th century BC C.
the Macedonian Alexander the Great invaded India, and import these techniques reconstruction in the Mediterranean basin. Spread, so that in the first century AD the Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus
described the repair of the mutilation of the lips, ears, nose in his De Medicina
. And in the fourth century AD
Oribasius , court physician to the Byzantine Empire, in its
Synagogue Medicae (an encyclopedia of 70 volumes), he devoted two chapters to the reconstruction of defects of the face. Practices is very helpful at that time: it is said that in the 8th century, Justinian II had said Rhinometus, meaning "nose hub" because after it was toppled from the throne had also been mutilated to prevent him from regaining the status of emperor. Practice that was not a great result: Justinian II rebuilt the nose and returned to power: some say that some of his marble statues the raffigurino with a scar on his forehead, in the area of \u200b\u200bcollection.
Contemporary is the correction of cleft lip, which since the 4th century was practiced by doctors in China of the Chin Dynasty.
The fall of Rome in the 5th century and the barbarian invasions did forget these techniques. And the Middle Ages was, in this respect, a period of backwardness. With a few exceptions: in 920 of the
Leechbook Bald, Old English text of medical practices, describes the first operation for correction of cleft palate, a malformation palate rather serious.
But in the 13th century, Pope Innocent III forbade any surgical procedure, and most of the time doctors began to consider shameful and vulgar the manual of surgery, which is why it became the responsibility of barbers.
reconstructive plastic surgery was reintroduced in Europe in the centuries ranging between 900 and 1200 AD, the Arabs, who invaded the Indus valley in 711 AD C. and there had learned the techniques of reconstruction, then introduced, in that subsequent period, the same techniques in the Mediterranean when they conquered Spain and Sicily.
Cerrahiye Ilhaniye -i, the first text Surgery is the property of the literature shows turkish-Islamic
Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu you described the techniques of maxillofacial surgery, diseases of the eyelids and gynecomastia: still his technique to remove the glandular tissue anticipates the modern reductive mammoplasty.
Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu, one of the pioneers of Arabic medicine, he developed many surgical techniques, not only in the aesthetic field.
In Italy however, are the great families of the period in which the profession of barber-surgeon was hereditary. An example was the Branca family
lived in Sicily (Catania) of the 15th century, the father, in 1442 reintroduced Reconstruction of the nose with the Indian technique, but in ancient India as the Indian caste Koomas, (ie the surgeons brick-makers) not to divulge his techniques, as did Branca father, who bequeathed to his son Antonio. The
know from the description he gave
Alexander Benedictus, then professor at the University of Padua: the Branch, to repair lips, noses and ears, one arm tied to the area to be rebuilt, then cut from the arm of a three-sided square flap of skin and the spotlight on the area to rebuild. A complete repair cut the fourth side of the flap and release the arm. The technique, called "Italian method
"also became shareholders of
Boiardi, medical family in Calabria.
University of Bologna working
Leonardo Fioravanti, who in his
The treasure of life humana published an account of the nasal reconstructions performed by the family of barbers
Vianeso , arousing the interest of
Tagliacozzi Gasparo, which popularized the technique.
Gaspare (modern sense) Tagliacozzi, a famous university professor, well understood the importance of psychological and sociological and aesthetic plastic surgery, putting the image in close relationship with psychological well-being (and the ugly unhappiness as): "We
we restore, repair and give integrity to those parts of the face that nature gave us and the fate has taken away, not so much to the delight of view, but to pacify the spirits and help the mind of the afflicted. " The
Tagliacozzi
comes to saying that a person who carries on its back the stigmata of a missing or deformed nose (well beyond the functional problems),
may even be contagious illness in the physical and .
milestone in the aesthetic surgery is his text "De
curtorum surgery insitionem " (1597), in which reconstruction of the nose amputee for injury or syphilis was documented with accurate descriptions and pictures and even comments comparing different procedures.
Tagliacozzi reconstructive technique has been used until recently and is still known as the "Italian
flap.
Like Branca, the Tagliacozzi chose to use the skin of the arm, made two parallel incisions on the biceps, loosen the skin between these two cuts and inserted a medicated bandage under the skin. Left intact for all four days, then daily medicated the wound in order to facilitate the formation of scar beneath the loose skin. After fourteen days, the skin cut engraved on one end; After another two weeks scraping the stump, and grafted nasal flap still attached to the nose, holding the arm in place with a strong harness. Twenty days after cutting the flap from the arm and another two weeks after beginning to shape the nose meets the upper lip. Six stages (at least) and more than a month later, there was a rudimentary nose.
Gaspare Tagliacozzi has the merit of having raised the rhinoplasty surgery, who had already found the first scholars to Catania and Tropea, on the level of operations to that of empirical scientific procedures, and to have codified this process in a fundamental text. His experience in the condensed De curtorum insitionem surgery, it is surprising for the accuracy of measures of surgical technique, for the thoroughness in the treatment of wounds, for the development of a surgical instrument particularly suitable for those interventions.
certainly no exception to the modern reader, however, the major implication of this futuristic surgical practice, that is the great pain and the very high risk of infection to the patient without anesthesia or no disinfection was exposed, who bore the majority of fatal cases.
Leonardo Fioravanti made known the technique of transplantation
. The Hindu civilization dates back to about 2500 years ago, and was reintroduced to Europe by the Arabs. But the first description, Fioravanti, dates back to 1570 "
a English gentleman named Andreas Gutiero, which had been cut to the nose in a duel, and then had dropped in the sand and I who had in his hand, was full of sand I urinated on it and I washed it with urine, I stand there making riappiccicato 8-10 days. " Barbara, but, apparently, effective.
But in the 16th century began another dark period of surgery, came back into vogue only in the 18th century, by the British, soon after the invasion of India.
Lucas, a British surgeon, returned to these shores, described the reconstruction of the nose by an Indian Koomas he had witnessed in 1794 in a letter to the Gentleman's Magazine of London. Shortly before, it was 1791, Chopard
had rebuilt a lip using a flap of skin turned from the neck.
Among the readers of the story of Joseph Lucas was
Carpue , surgeon of York Hospital, Chelsea in England, he practiced on cadavers and in 1814 made the first operation on a British officer who had lost his nose because of a ill-treatment made based on mercury, another officer and maimed by a saber. Carpue published his work under the title
Restoration of a Lost Nose in 1816 restoring new splendor to the Indian rhinoplasty.
Birth of the modern plastic surgery ... - Two years later, it was 1818, the German surgeon Carl Von Graefe
, then considered the best surgeon in Europe and the father of modern plastic surgery, published
Rhinoplastik : you mentioned 55 rhinoplasty operations (with the Indian method, Italian and German, the new method, which was a true skin graft from the arm), but also measures of blepharoplasty (eyelid plastic) and palatoplastica, enough to be considered the father of modern plastic surgery.
But only his successor techniques made more tolerable thanks to the introduction of anesthesia and intervention in the nose two times to improve their appearance.
For the complete reconstruction of the bony part of the nose was missing: the answer goes back to 1892 when Robert Weir
used the duck sternum, and first coined the term "
rinomania ", ie the search for pathological perfectionism surgery ("nasal", in this case) by patients. "
behavior still persists and that certainly is one of the most important problems of aesthetic plastic surgery " says Michael
Ciaschini , a plastic surgeon at Case Western Reserve University Hospitals of Cleveland.
But the first successful, "true" cosmetic surgery nose, from the end of 1800.
In 1892 John Orlando Roe , surgeon of Rochester, in upstate New York, published a study on intranasal rhinoplasty, that is how to redo the nose leaving no external scars. Did not eliminate the hump, but corrected the saddle nose, deformities afflicting the children of mothers infected with syphilis, venereal disease so widespread that they could not find work and companion.
A Roe should be the first operation of aesthetic rhinoplasty.
Clearance of cosmetic surgery was near. Even in Germany
Vincent Czerny argued that the only aesthetic purposes was sufficient to justify surgery.
Until the late 19th century, was almost exclusively reconstructive plastic surgery and of little value. Then the First World War changed all thanks to plastic surgery military reported many injuries to the head in battle they mature discipline, especially with regard to the maxillofacial surgery. In the centers of military plastic surgery repaired the injuries of the head and neck, and if before the great war masks covered the most disfiguring wounds, their faces disfigured after the war were repaired by surgeons.
Between 1920 and 1940 plastic surgery was also accepted by the university.
The first course university of plastic surgery dates back to 1924, United States, at Johns Hopkins. No more infections
- Improvements of anesthesia, use of transfusions of sulfonamides and penicillin to control infections, much reduced mortality and morbidity of the procedures during the war. In some plastic surgery centers military mortality was zero. In addition, unless appealed, in World War II, to amputation, compared to what occurred in previous conflicts. It also took
to use pelvic bone for the reconstruction of facial bones, and to refine the technique.
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